Politics The Art of Government Free Essay Example, 2000 words

For instance, in our present society, the government is given the task to find ways and to come up with rules and regulations which shall govern the economic activities of the people. These rules and regulations are means creating order in society. The importance of political structures in the government cannot be overly emphasized. Since a human being is â€Å"by natural a political Animal† Aristotle (350 B. C.E. ), and needs to relate to others, the political structures of powers and government need to be established to govern the relationship of human beings. Without any government structures that will define the rights of the citizens towards the government and to each other, a society will not be able to function well. Chaos would ensue if there are no laws and rules that will govern the actions of human beings. It is therefore the role of the government to ensure that such structures, rules and laws are established and enforced to protect the rights of the people under its jurisdiction. In practice today, politics is closely related to the regulation and governance of a nation and other political units as well as the means and methods being used by the state in the processing of formulating and applying the policies thereof (Black’s Law Dictionary). We will write a custom essay sample on Politics: The Art of Government or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Often times we hear the world â€Å"political will† which is associated with the state’s capacity to â€Å"enforce its rules upon its people†. According to Weber4 political will power is the ability of the government to â€Å"impose its will† upon its subject even in the face of opposition. On the other hand, Arendt (1970) defined political power as the â€Å"human ability not just to act but to act in concert†. Consequently, this brings us to the idea that politics and government has a systemic relationship where one complements the other. Politics is the tool towards governance and the government is the vehicle which carries with it the will of the sovereignty. How does politics as the art of government promote the stability of the system? According to Dahl, the establishment of a political system could enhance the stability of a government. He describes the political systems as â€Å"any persistent pattern of human relationships† where to a certain extent, allows for â€Å"control, influence, power or authority" over its subject (Dahl, 1984). As human beings socialize with each other and establish a kind of norm upon which they follow, there is a need for certain members of society to be under the authority of the others. The very nature of the government dictates that there should be people who will rule and there should be a group of people which shall be subjected to such rule.

U.S. Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams

China And The Siberian Tiger - 1175 Words

China is located between Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. With China, being located between these two areas there is a tug of war that takes place between the air masses of these areas. The Siberia creates a dry cold air that flows in the northern region of the country with tropical air from Pacific flows through the south, which brings moist air. During spring and summer the monsoons season comes in. With China having such a diverse climate and terrain, China has a wide range of an ecosystem. They have an amazing variety of animals and plants. Many of these animal and plants are rare and exceptional. Although with the human population growth, increase agriculture, industrial, and urban development the landscape has changed a lot.†¦show more content†¦This caused a century of self-examination between the educated and the acceptance of the different government system. The Chinese government tried to create a strong society but end return it has led to the Great Proletar ian Cultural Revolution. This revolution relied on mass deployment to destroy anything identified as out-of-date and to hunt out those whose attitudes and backgrounds deemed a hindrance to the creation of the new society. Many Chinese who mobilized in their adolescence as Red Guards have expressed their guilt and disgrace at having followed Mao Zedong’s words â€Å"to rebel is justified†. The founding of People’s Republic of China in 1949, were predominantly ruthless in order to demonstrate their revolutionary commitment and dedication to the Chairman Mao. Officially, the People’s Republic of China recognizes 56 ethnic groups. The efforts to categorize ethnic minorities began after 1949. More than 400 separate groups identified on the foundation of different language, culture, and heritage. Since there is 1.1 billion people, Han Chinese establish the dominant majority, accounting for 92% of China’s population. Ethnic minorities remained excused from the state’s one child per family policy, although running muck with local authorities can have an outcome of loss of this privilege. The official language is Mandarin and spoken by the People’s Republic of China and

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms And Symptoms - 1390 Words

This research of bipolar disorder will not only describe in detail the symptoms and affects of this mood disorder, but it will also include the advantages, disadvantages of the treatment and medications, and the major role that medications take. Bipolar disorder involves periods of elevated or irritable mood (mania), alternating with episodes of depression (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). The â€Å"mood swings† of mania and depression are very sudden and can happen at anytime any place. Bipolar disorder is categorized by the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) into two different types: Bipolar Type I and Bipolar Type II. Bipolar type I used to be diagnosed as manic depression, however, people with bipolar disorder type I†¦show more content†¦People with bipolar disorder can experience a long-lasting mood change rather than multiple episodes of depression or mania. According to Moore and Jefferson in the â€Å"Handbook of Medical Psychiatry,† symptoms of mania or a manic episode include the following: a long period of feeling â€Å"high,† or an overly happy or outgoing mood, extremely irritable or agitated, inflated self-esteem (delusions or false beliefs), little need for sleep, poor temper control, and reckless behavior (binge eating, drinking/drug use, impaired judgment, sexual promiscuity, spending sprees). Symptoms of depression or a depressive episode include: a long period of feeling worried, daily low mood, difficulty in remembering or concentrating, eating disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of self-esteem, persistent sadness, thoughts of death or suicide, and withdrawal from activities or friends you ve once enjoyed (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). Bipolar disorder affects both men and women equally, and it usually appears between the ages of 15-25 (Moore and Jefferson, 2004). However, bipolar does seem to be genetic, and they re researchers who are studying the genes that may increase a person s chance of developing the illness. Children with a parent or sibling who has bipolar disorder are four to six times more likely to develop the illness, compared with children who do not have a family

Does Birth Order Have an Effect on Intelligence Free Essays

In 1874 Francis Galton reported that firstborn children were overrepresented as high achievers in various scientific fields. There were flaws in Galton’s methodology, for instance, he did not count female children in his results. Male subjects were counted as a first born even if they were the tenth child, but the nine older siblings were female (Esping, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Does Birth Order Have an Effect on Intelligence or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, Galton’s conclusion that birth order correlates with intelligence and academic attainment remains popular. Even in the last decade, other researchers, in both Europe and North America, have confirmed and reasserted Galton’s conclusion. What studies have demonstrated that birth order influences intelligence and/or achievement? Research by Christensen and Bjerkedal concluded that birth order has a small impact on educational attainment (Christensen Bjerkedal, 2010). That conclusion has also been reported by other related studies. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) show that birth order has an effect on educational attainment and intelligence (Retherford Sewell, 1991 and Rodgers, Cleveland, van den Oord Rowe, 2000). Also, earlier research on Norwegian male military conscripts also demonstrated that birth order impacts on intelligence (Bjerkedal et al., 2007). The confluence model theorizes that first born children are raised in an adult oriented, highly intellectual environment. Also, when first born children interact with their younger they adopt the role of teacher. This is known as the tutor effect (Zajonc Sullaway ,2007). Are studies that support birth order effect on intelligence and/educational attainment flawed? Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum suggest a critical flaw in previous research that supports that birth order has an effect on intelligence and/or educational attainment They suggest that in larger families the first born is equally intelligent as the fourth-born child, but they are not as intelligent as children from a smaller family (Wichman et al,2006). The studies that demonstrate a link between educational attainment and/or intelligence and birth order have been criticized by other researchers. However, according to the confluence model it is only as children with younger siblings approach adulthood that they finally achieve maximum benefit from teaching their younger siblings, as it typically increases their efforts to do well scholastically (Zanjonc Sulloway, 2007). What factors other than birth order influence intelligence and or achievement? Wichman, Rodgers and MacCallum argue that the findings were a result of differences between families, not within families. They suggest that the younger a mother is at the birth of her first child will result in lower intelligence scores within the family. Younger mothers tend to be less educated, have more children and lower income. When researchers controlled for mother’s age at first birth, the effect on birth order on intelligence was nearly eliminated. In their opinion birth order appears to have an effect on intelligence, but that’s only because larger families don’t have the advantages of smaller families. Family environment and genetic influences are the most important factors and they may override birth order (Wichman et al., 2006). How to cite Does Birth Order Have an Effect on Intelligence, Essay examples

Case Study for Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How can Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc., increase customer loyalty, employee morale and profits while using sustainable and responsible ingredient sourcing? Answer: As a business, it is important to not only focus on the financial benefits but also safety for your customers. This is the main idea behind social responsibility. Such that the models used are within the spirit of the law, national (or international) norms and adhere to ethical standards (AMP, 2013). Promoting and supporting organic agriculture is a responsibility of businesses, especially for those dealing with food like restaurants. Similarly, naturally raised poultry and meat ensures that customers do not suffer from the effects of added antibiotics and hormones. The easiest way of achieving sustainable sourcing, production and services to customers is to educate the latter on the need and advantages to health. Researchers have shown that there are significant changes in consumer trends- healthy diet tops the list (AACN, 2015). Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc had a vision of changing the way people eat and think about food. Thus they decided to change processes of sourcing for ingredie nts used for preparing food. Introduction As time changes, the world is witnessing a shift in consumer preference. More importantly, there is a need for businesses to create ways of meeting the change in consumer preference (Hubble, 2017). According to the 2015 Supermarket Guru Grocers Association Consumer Survey, 50% of Americans would like have healthier foods with less processing and a shorter list of ingredients (Hubble, 2017). Also, 53% of Americans want locally prepared food (IMO, 2001). Meaning, consumers now want more fresh foods, prepared with less ingredients and from places they know (Hubble, 2017). The shift in consumer preference has made it a necessity to have alternative platforms that can deliver foods considered fresh and healthy to the consumers. Chipotle Mexican Grill is a pioneer in the fast-casual restaurant industry. It was founded in 1993 by Steve Ells. Since then, it has grown to be among the leaders of the restaurant industry (Gold, 2005). Currently, the company has more 1600 restaurants within the US and 11 internationally. In 2000, under the leadership of Steve Ells, Chipotle made a commitment to serving customers with food sourced, produced and served through sustainable and responsible approaches (Gold, 2005). However, because of lack of effective strategy, took too long to fulfill this promise to customers. For example, in 2015, the restaurant recorded a loss because consumers questioned the quality of the food and cleanliness of in-store practices (Gold, 2005). This called for the need for Chipotle to implement integrated resource management techniques. Doing this enhanced customer loyalty, employees morale, increased competitive advantage and profits, and attracted big investors. Application of Resource integration technique Vertical Integration through Hyper-Local restaurant technique Chipotle had a vision of serving food to consumers with integrity. This would change the way people thought and ate food. This program means the companys supply chain and corporate culture will have to be closely integrated from the time the ingredients are grown, harvested and shipped to stores (Christopher, 2016). Thus appeal to socially responsible customers deepens through the latter knowing how chipotle sources for its food. Hyper-Local restaurant is new in the food service industry. It involves the restaurant growing own food in its backyard. It is a food service business that grows ingredients in its own property. It may be a rooftop garden or backyard. This technique is a product of vertical integration where a business proactively participates in controlling the raw materials, production and the sell of goods. Chipotle Mexican Grill encouraged sustainable and responsible sourcing through the application of Hyper-Local restaurant method. Thus, the set aside some piece of land in their backyard and started growing food ingredients used in the restaurant. Chipotle chose this method because it was cheaper compared the cost of buying ingredients from farmers. Also, it made management and control of the business easier. To make Hyper-Local restaurant more effective, the business used Integrated Plant Nutrition Systems approach in applying this technique (Gold, 2005). Apart from being economically viable and environmentally sound, this process was also conducive to the urgently needed increase in production of healthy food (Mason, 2013)s. As farmers, Chipotle used feasible and adequate mineral and organic inputs. Similarly, they applied Integrated Pest Management method. This ensured that the level of pesticides on ingredients was low. They also applied ecology-based principles in methods of cultivation. This includes predator/prey relationship and pest life cycles. This helped in reducing the cost of ingredient production and risks associated with excessive use of pesticide (Kolk, 2016). Although promising, this technique had an impact on the labor cost. Thus, the company needed to employ more people to work in three areas: packaging, pesticides and fertilizer. In 2012, a Deutsche Bank reviewed one hundred academic resources, fifty-six research papers and two literature reviews (Souza, 2013). The report showed that 76% of businesses that used environmental, social and governance activities gained competitive advantage (Gold, 2005). Similarly, more than 73% companies worldwide take part in corporate responsibility. Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc., operates in a very competitive environment. The food industry has grown thus leading to shift in market dominance. Before, the company could be comfortable with sourcing for ingredients from environmentally unverified sources and maintaining low food prices to attract customers. However, because of availability of capital and emergence of rapid technological inventions, Chipotle could not afford to sit pretty while competitors gained mileage. Analysis of Results, Critique and Recommendations Results To measure the results of vertical integration, Chipotle used Value Stream Mapping (VSM). This is a lean supply chain tool employed by Chipotle Mexican Grill Inc., to separate wasteful and necessary value-adding activities. The method is used to identify all types of waste in the value stream chain and methods of eliminating them (Shorr, 2014). Resource managers also cite this to be one of vertical integration technique strength. In case of a machine breakdown, the use of a dynamic scheduling technique such as right-shift heuristics allowed farming processes to continue by simply altering the production schedule (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2016). Similarly, to reduce risks associated with labor size, the business contracted farm training operators to equip laborers with multi-tasking skills. This way, the process of ingredient sourcing would not be interrupted incase a laborer fell ill (Gold, 2005). Multi-skilled employees trained to do tasks on machinery at different levels of manufacturing caused an increase in employee labor rates because vary of years of service, contract negotiations and positional status (Mazutis, 2012). Consequently, the value of optimal assignment was affected. Nevertheless, this technique yielded fruits for Chipotle. For example by 2010, 100% of pork, chicken and beef served in the restaurants were naturally raised. Also, beans served to the customers were organically grown. By 2014, the company gained recognition for serving customers food made by ingredients sourced through responsible and sustainable means (Gold, 2005). This is also the moment when Chipotle customer loyalty came to test. Because of the increase in food production cost, the company had to increase its food prices. Surprisingly, having seen the results of sustainable and responsible sourcing, Chipotle customers embraced the change. Consequently, the company made profits; despite increasing prices. Strategy formation in organizations needs concerted efforts. More importantly, it needs careful implementation. Failing to do this can be a great setback. Chipotle knew that their mission is to change ways in which people think and eat fast food (Gold, 2005). Therefore, they sought ways of ensuring customers are served fresh food made from ingredients sourced through sustainable and responsible ways (Gold, 2005). For example, they started serving naturally raised pork, beef, and chicken and organically grown black beans. Because of the nature of the strategy, they had to increase food prices by one dollar. Because of the nature of the technique, the company had to increase its food prices by $1. Critique Implementation of vertical integration strategy is not for the faint hearted. It takes long and require close monitor to establish progress. Moreover, it has tendencies of being expensive, especially for an organization that has not dealt with it before (Dickey, 2017). Chipotle majored in preparing and serving customers with meals. In terms of sourcing, the company sought suppliers. However, after realizing that 50% of the food they served was being sourced through unsustainable and irresponsible means, they decided to create a backyard farm in most of its restaurant to help in production of ingredients (Gold, 2005). Of course this came with cost. For example, the company had to purchase farming machineries and seek the services of suppliers for seeds and fertilizers. Additionally, they had to the cost of construction and training laborers on responsible and sustainable processes of farming. At the beginning, Chipotle experienced a decrease in profits. After conducting an assessment of cost, Chipotle management realized that they had spent $ 2 million in production (Gold, 2005). This led to a consequent decrease in profits. This was shocking. Although they had seen strong evidence that consumers wanted food prepared by ingredients sourced through sustainable and responsible means, there was no reflection in sales (Gilmour, 2013). This shows the importance of conducting a thorough market research to understand the target market of a strategy. It enables a business to better understand the attitude and values among both loyal and potential customers (Grant, 2016). Strategies that lead to increase in cost are often avoided by companies that fear losing customers. Nevertheless, if a company chooses to implement any of them, then it should ensure that the anticipated results will impress customers beyond doubt. Recommendations The performance of a business depends on stability in its supply chain. This is possible through balance and collaboration in supply, management and delivery. Therefore Chipotle can invest heavily in staff so that the latter can contribute to efforts of growth and development within it (Wynstra, 2013). A motivated employee is the best for persuading customers to continue being part of a brand. For example, when Chipotle decided to serve naturally raised chicken, beef, pork and organically grown black beans, there may have been resistance within some section of the staff (Gold, 2005). However, through open communication, inclusion and responsible management, they chose to embrace it and be part of its implementation (Grant, 2016). Similarly, organizations should include employees in strategy formation and implementations to enable effective and efficient results (DoorDash, 2017). Chipotle should seek the services of an integrated information system to enable free flow of information a nd resources in its supply chain. In conclusion, this report was based on a case study of Chipotle Mexican Grill., a fast food restaurant. T experienced decrease in sales because of not being cautious about the methods of ingredient sourcing by suppliers. Therefore, the management implemented Hyper-Local restaurant, a form of vertical integration technique in the food industry to promote responsible and sustainable ingredient sourcing. Although the company had to increase food prices, it still made profits because of customer loyalty. References AACN. (2015, January 23). Health Reform: Put Patients First. Retrieved August 10, 2017, from American Association of Colleges of Nursing: https://www.aacn.edu/government-affairs AMP. (2013). Supply Chain Management. Wall Street journal , 172-195. Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Dickey, M. R. (2017, April 10). Doordash will pay $5 million to settle class-action lawsuit over independent contractors. Retrieved July 23, 2017, from techcrunch: https://www.techcrunch.com DoorDash. (2017, May 18). Strategy Ops Has Its Finger on the Pulse of Doordash's Three-Sidede Marketplace. Retrieved July 21, 2017, from https://www.blog.doordash.com Gilmour, P. ( 2013). Benchmarking supply chain operations. Physical Distribution Logistics Management , 123-135. Gold, A. N. (2005). Conscious Captalism: Serving food with integrity. In T. W. Hunger, Cases in Strategic Management. Prentince Hall. Grant, R. M. (2016). Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Hubble, E. (2017, February 7). 7 Food Delivery Industry Trends for 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017, from https://www.veinteractive.com IMO. (2001, March). Shaping the future for Health. Institute of Medicine , pp. 1-8. Kolk, A. (2016). The social responsibility of International business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development. Journal of World Business , 23-34. Mason, N. (2013). Economic Security and Well-Being Index for Women in New York City. New York: Center for Research Policy in the Public Interest. Mazutis, D. (2012). Authentic Leadership. In W. G. Guerrero, Cases in Leadership (pp. 240-250). New York: SAGE Publications, Inc. Shorr, E. (2014, December 16). Reindeer Herders of Northern Europe Confront Climate Change. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from https://www.foodtank.com Souza, G. (2013). Closed?Loop Supply Chains: A Critical Review, and Future Research. Decision Sciences , 7-38. Toyota Motor Corporation. (2016, April 1). Toyota . Retrieved from Toyota: https://www.toyota.com/all-vehicles Wynstra, F. (2013). Past, Present and Future Trends of Purchasing and Supply Management: An Extensive Literature Review. A Review and Outlook. A Journey through Manufacturing and Supply Chain , 199-228.

Cad vs Hand Drawing Essay Example For Students

Cad vs Hand Drawing Essay Although there are occasions when manual drafting is a quick way to complete a technical or architectural drawing, computer-aided design (CAD or CAD) is usually the choice for completing professional-looking drawings CAD is a faster and more accurate design tool than hand-drawn (manual) drafting. Computers make printing and duplicating CAD drawings a simple task. Special features like 3-D capability, cutaways and zoom options enhance CAD drawings. Drawing Speed Computer-aided design requires CAD software and the click of a mouse to create shapes and lines. Drawings can be accomplished within hours. On the other hand, manual design squires the purchase of tools to accomplish results?parallel bar and drawing board, triangle, compass, electric eraser, pens and more. The manual method also requires a firm drawing hand and may take hours to complete a single page drawing. Drawing Accuracy Manual draftsmen use an architectural or engineering scale (ruler) to layout a drawings measurements. Drawing in this manner requires a level of concentration and focus that can be difficult to maintain and the accuracy of the results can vary. Computer-aided design allows the user to enter a set of exact parameters and create a drawing based on those guidelines. The computer drawing is exact to the measurements provided and can be easily adjusted by changing the parameters. Fast Printing and Duplicating CAD software builds its drawings in layers. Once a basic floor plan or object model is established, CAD software uses it as the base layer for all subsequent drawings that require it. Printing involves the simple matter of including the needed layers in the final drawing and produces a single sheet drawing. Manual drafting uses a similar processa single floor plan on one sheet with added layers (in sheet form) of data on top. However, the printing process requires the stacking and re-stacking of the raring sheets in the correct order, a time-consuming process, particularly when a misplaced drawing sheet requires a reprint. Special Features CAD products include many features that require little or no time to implement, like the ability to turn a flat 2-D diagram into a robust, three-dimensional drawing vita a few mouse clicks. 3-D drawings give the viewer a more realistic idea Fatwa a room or Object Will really kick like. Other features, like a zoom or cutaway option, allow a viewer to see a drawing in great detail. Manual drafting can create 3-D and detailed drawings, but it can take days to complete each one.

Tourism and Religion

According to research carried out by Mohammad et al, tourism and recreation represent some of the most valuable businesses across the world. The two practices are considered important forms of leisure activities. Tourism normally provides people with an opportunity to relax, however, people at times may become a threat to natural resources and cultural heritage.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the idea of tourism is associated with beaches, hotels, visiting historic points and no links with religion at all (Mohammadiet al 220-223). When concepts of religion are combined with tourism, people tend to attach negativity to it especially from the church’s perspective. Religious tourism is, however, considered an important part of cultural phenomenon despite having numerous constituents. A number of researches reveal that traditional r eligion is gradually fading due to destruction of traditional values within the society. However, modern religion is vital crucial since it plays an important role in the promotion of tourism. Most of tourist trips are usually made to places, buildings, events and objects that are associated with religion without any underlying spiritual motivation (Ministry of Culture and Tourism). According to researchers, tourism and pilgrimage are closely related. Reasons for traveling as tourists and the nature of activities involved, are important areas of interest in the tourism industry. Religious tourism involves engagement of tourists in some kind of spiritual experience within the religious context. This helps in defining a specific definition of religion and its role within the society. The experiences of tourists are likened to pilgrim behaviors since interactions are based on religion and travel destinations within various countries. Spiritual tourists have a unique aim of their travel ing, in particular, to see the religious sites and get imbued with their atmosphere. However, on the contrary, tourism aims at fulfilling some social and functional curiosity since most of tourism experiences involve sightseeing (Kreiner 259-270). Despite highlighted differences in meaning, some sense of commonality can be identified since tourists have almost similar experiences as pilgrims and vice versa. Spiritual tourists are regular visitors to religious destinations and monuments in search for divine experiences. They differ from pilgrims in the way that their journeys are motivated from different religious backgrounds (Deloitte).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Spirituality and religiosity are represented through different modes within different contexts. Such context finds relevance in the field of tourism especially when considered in the perspective of p ilgrimage. Differences occur in the motive behind many travels. However, at some point many tourists engage in the same activities as pilgrims or spiritual tourists. Spiritual tourists emerge as a result of changes and uncertainties that appeared nowadays. The term is used to create a clear distinction between tourists and pilgrims, and at the same time define the place of religion in the field of tourism (Kreiner 259-270). According to opinion on BBC news, the religious tourism has been on the rise in Wales due to frequent visits by tourists from all over the world to historic places, namely, churches of Wales. The news reveals that current generations have deep and renewed interest in holy sites (Bourne). According to reports by Welsh government, there was an increased percentage of United Kingdom ‘staying tourists’ within the last two years in the country with an aim of visiting various places of interest, mostly places of worship. People of all creed and denominatio ns have been identified within St Winefride’s Holy well owing to their heritage or religious interests. Influx of visitors over the last decade has risen from thirty thousands to thirty six thousand as shown by 2011 statistics which is an indication of expanding market within religious tourism (Bourne). Gladstone Library in Hawarden reported rise in tourists visiting the religious center known as theological station. Apart from the college, some of the places attracting interest in Wales include the statute of Lady of Penrhys, the holy well representing one of the oldest Christian sites in Rhondda. People from all walks of life including those with no religious affiliations attend spiritual retreats at St Beuno’s Ignatian Spirituality Centre. At the same time, the majority have been seen making pilgrimages to well waters of St Dyfnog since it is believed to possess a curative power. The church of Wales has in the recent times declared 2012 as the year of pilgrimage sin ce several events are anticipated in religious places including Rome and St David in Pembrokeshire (Bourne).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and Religion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many comparisons have been made in attempt to compare religious tourism with pilgrimage. Most publications define pilgrimage as the concept where masses travel to shrine for purposes of performing religious rites and rituals. Religious tourists at the same time are often motivated by cultural reasons where religious historic sites are the subject of interest. In both cases the travelers prefer comfortable travel and accommodation despite at times rejecting aesthetic display in physical and natural resources (Egrest et al 64-77). Most of the pilgrimages get involved in activities considered the same as those of tourism since services provided are of the same quality. Many of the pilgrimage places have been secula rized by informal and formal sectors since such sites have been commercialized. In many instances, secular tourists are found at religious sites majority visiting places for education purposes while only some for personal or religious needs. In the current society, only a fraction of travelers visits religious sites for sacred reasons; a bigger percentage is motivated by cultural and education reasons. The majority currently view religious tourism as a significant part of cultural tourism based on the experiences in the remote sites. In broader terms, religious tourism also involves travelling for religious conferences and music concerts. Religious attractions can be distinguished in various ways. These include pilgrimage shrines with strong religious affiliations hence there are less secular tourists expected than there are shrines open for both secular and religious tourists, and finally there are attractions from religious festivals. During such visits, the chances of religious t ourists being involved in local activities within the target destinations are high (Egrest et al 64-77). Tourism presents means through which individuals can enrich their social lives by appreciating diversities within culture and other resources. The kinds of recreation brought alongside tourism are utilized for the purposes of nourishing relationships amongst different cultures and individuals.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Various countries have considered of prime importance all developments within tourism sector based on the fact that the sector is the major source of revenue. However, in most instances several barriers are created with potential of restricting group of individuals such as those physically challenged and those without any religious affiliations from accessing crucial points. However, current tourism industry considers religion as one of the major sectors capable of enriching tourism since most of the historical sites are associated with ancient religious cultures which were incorporated in design processes of buildings and heritage centres. A part of leisure activities in tourism is also enjoyed by religious masses since they help in enriching social life (Egrest et al 64-77). Numerous benefits are realised from excellent management culture within tourism industry. Despite negative impacts within tourism, religious aspect of tourism carries less social evils compared to good ones. R eligious historic sites enable individuals to think innovatively in the plight of encouraging transfer of knowledge from past to present within various groups of people. Management of diverse cultural background proves beneficial in the process of restoring the diminishing societal values. At the same time, tourist destinations find it easy to market their various heritage centres through historic festivals and conferences organized by various religious groups (Tester). Different religious backgrounds ensure availability of more people with diverse behaviours and societal beliefs. This calls for various governments to implement rules and regulations capable of accommodating people from different religions to avoid discriminative actions. Managing cultural and religious diversity assists in knowledge transfer since tourists enjoy free interactions within such religious destinations and festivals (Tester). However, there is a need of creating commonality in language for the purposes o f enriching communication amongst individuals. This enables easier transfer of information as well as knowledge on various historical descriptions. Such scenario reduces the level of misunderstanding and misinterpretation brought by diverse religious backgrounds in the world, hence increased efficiency and productivity within tourism industry (Tester). According to Tester, the tourism industry in China and Hong Kong has experienced a tremendous development within the last five decades. Destinations differ based on their strategic geographical locations and the kind of historical monuments, natural resources available for leisure. China is known for its diverse religious background and at the same time operates based on open door policy which has created easy access channels to the country. This has assisted in the rise of inbound tourists within the last two decades. The industry has much been affected by recession experienced in the late 1990s and mid 2004 including outbreak of con tagious diseases (Tester). Conclusion High growth within the tourist industry has led to an improved economy within various destination countries due to high foreign exchange earnings received from tourism and associated activities. Religious tourism has been promoted by low-cost air travels within the Southeast Asia, which encourages lots of pilgrimage travels. Pilgrimage travels at certain times of the year have promoted further development of infrastructure such as well-established carriage ways capable of improving visitor experiences during frequent travels. Due to the mass numbers of pilgrimage, sometimes movement is made difficult within short-haul markets. At the same time such destinations have introduced an individual visiting scheme for the purposes of minimizing congestion, hence, encouraging frequent visits by religious tourists. These arrangements are specially arranged to promote free movements and travels without visas. Most tourist destinations promoting spiritual t ourism such as Wales realized a high growth in income generating activities. Competition amongst tourist destinations seems stiff in the 21st century due to technological improvements across the world. Several concepts and theories have emerged towards the explanation on the role of tourism to environmental, social issues and religious issues. A the same time countries and regions acting as tourist destinations have pledged an utmost vigilance on negative activities associated with tourism and only promote positive aspects. This should be given extensive consideration due to detrimental effects tourists have on the mental, moral, social and physical dimensions within the society. Works Cited Bourne, Nick. â€Å"Religious tourism on the rise, Says Church in Wales†. BBC News, 2012. Deloitte 2010, Turkish Tourism Industry Report. Web. Egrest, Istvan, Busra, Bayram, Kara, Fatih and Kesik, Ozan. â€Å"Unlocking the potential of Religious tourism in Turkey.†GeoJournal of Tou rism and Geosites, 9 (2012):64-77. Print. Kreiner, Collins.â€Å"Current Jewish Pilgrimage Tourism: Modes and Models of Development,†Tourism:Preliminary Communication, 58 (2010): 259-270. Ministry of Culture and Tourism 2012, Turkey: Tourism Statistics. Web. Mohammadi, Mostafa, Zainab, Khalifa and Hasan, Hosseini. â€Å"Local People Perceptions Toward Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Kermanshah, Iran.†Journal of Asian Social Science, 6 (2010):220-223. Print. Tester, Hank 2010, Tourism gurus carry mostly good news. 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Reasons And Consequences Of The Fall Of The Dollar Essays

Reasons and Consequences of the Fall of the Dollar "Reasons and Consequences of the Fall of the Dollar" The value of the US Dollar has since the beginning of March this year fallen drastically. Economists and investors worldwide have tried to explain the cause of this all-time low of the American currency. The consequences of the fall are many and complicated. I will in the following outline the main reasons of the fall, and also try to state a few of the consequences. The first, most obvious reason for the fall, is Bill Clintons $20 billion plan to help Mexico's economy, which hasn't seemed to help at all. Investors' faith in the Dollar immediately diminished, and Dollars were put on the market in huge quantities, resulting in prices going down. The Mexico incident, is though, only the top of the iceberg. The Dollar has been decreasing since 1985. This trend has been a direct consequence of the Plaza agreement, which involved agreement between leading industrial countries to force the Dollar down. This, and the fact that the Americans always have had a problem with current account deficit, have had a negative effect on the Dollar. Another reason why the Dollar has had a steep negative gradient, is that USA has been supplying the market with more Dollars than demanded, naturally decreasing Dollar value. This trend has been a consequence of the pension and mutual fonds investing in overseas equities and bonds. The consequences of the last months fall, are many. One of the biggest, will be the increased US export. Foreign investors do not want to miss a chance like this one, so they buy American products, in Dollars, at bargain prices. Especially the Japanese have proven this prediction right. Furthermore, a quite serious consequence of the record-breaking low, is the crack of the European exchange-rate mechanism (ERM), which is beyond the scope of this paper *and my Knowledge) to explain. Important to the Deutch-mark, is the transfer in faith from the Dollar to the D-Mark, since the Dollar has proven itself untrustworthy. Many speculate, that the D-Mark now is going to be the new favorite currency of the world. The Dow Jones has been affected directly by the decrease of the Dollar. Peoples investment of money, has switched from currencies to stocks, thereby increasing the Dow Jones, reaching an all-time high yesterday. To the average consumer, the fall in the Dollar, has meant several changes. One is that German tourists can now pay 20% less in D-Mark for a hotel room in Florida. Another is that UK tourist have to pay relatively more to go to mainland Europe on vacation, as opposed to going to the States. An essential question now seems to be: What can be done? It seems that the States most likely have asked themselves this question, but aren't really dealing with the problem. The most obvious step towards raising the Dollar, would be increasing the interest rates, making the American market more interesting, for profit-seekers, but the interest rate have remained stable during the turbulence of the Dollar, showing that the States maybe are happy about the situation. One explanation is that the low Dollar (as mentioned) stimulates export. In my opinion, heavy measures should be taken to increase the value of the Dollar. During the fall, both the Yen and the Mark have gained strength, and seeing that there is not much chance the neither will fall, the Americans are digging their own grave by not dealing with the problem. It will be hard foreign, as well as domestic investors, to regain faith in the Dollar.

Paul Revere essays

Paul Revere essays The time April 18,1775, the place Lexington Massachusets. On this night something happened that would change and shape America from then on. General Gage sent a company of about 700 men to seize ammunition and guns the colonist had hidden in Concord. NO sooner were the soldiers on the move, than the watchful eyes of two patriots hurried to spred the alarm. One of these patriots was a very intresting peron for he would be remembered throughout history. Paul Revere was born on New Years Day 1735. He was a silversmith who served in the militia in the French and Indian War. In the begining of the 1670's Paul joined the Sons of Liberty, but this was only the begining. Later, he led a group of diguised Indians in the Boston Tea Party of 1773. Though all these things are important, this still is not what he is remembered for. Tuesday April 18, Pal Revere learned of the Brittish plan to capture the colonist arms at Lexingotn and Concord. So, that night Paul Revere and William Dawes rode to warn the Americans. Paul did not know if they were comming by land or by sea. He told a man named Robert Newman to hang one latern in the church tower if by land and two if by sea. Paul left by crossing the Charlse River, while William left through the town gate. They met at Lexington and warned countrymen thee. Here a man named Samuel Prescott joined them. On their way to Concord though, paul was captured by the British. He was stripped of his horse and freed. Only Samuel Prescott got through to warn the Americans in Concord. Latter on in the war, Paul Revere served in the Continental Army as a lietenant, in command of a fort called Castle Island in Boston. Before I bring this to a close. I want to ask a question. What would have happened if Paul Revere would have never gone on his famous ride? I say that the Americans would have never been warned. There would have been no fighting, and the Britsh would have just taken the arms sup ...

Boss Man Essay Example

Boss Man Essay Example Boss Man Essay Boss Man Essay Choose a poem which expresses a point of view you find disturbing. Explain what distubs you about the poets point of view and discuss to what extent you are nevertheless able to admire the way the poem is written.Carol Ann Duffys poem Havisham is a dramatic monologue written from the eyes of the infamous character Miss Havisham who is extracted from Dickens’s Great Expectations. Miss Havisham is a very disturbing character for a number of different reasons conceived by the pain and hurt she has endured through out her life after being jilted at the altar many years before the poem is set. Through out Havisham we learn that there is more underlying problems to Havisham than what was once acknowledged. Hatred completely destroys Havisham and that instead of helping her to get revenge, it makes her worse which results in her hating all men.In the first stanza of the poem, we immediately learn about Miss Havisham through her gritty honesty. She is expressing the pain of being jilt ed at the altar as she reveals her personal feelings of the man she was about to marry.â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard.†Here we see Duffy opening the poem in an oxymoronic way. She uses this technique to entise us in to the poem and to emphasise the contrast of her hectic feelings towards her ex-lover. This is also a very controversial way of opening the poem, possibly throwing us in at the deep end right at the start to establish what type of person Havisham is and to prepare us for the roller-coaster ahead. Beloved being the man she once loved, Sweetheart a word we typically call our loved ones and Bastard an offensive swear word. All highly contrasting words which makes us feel disturbed as we enter the poem. This opening of the poem is very abrupt and its almost as if weve walked in on Miss Havisham in the midst of a breakdown. Its also climatic, something in which wed typically see at the end of a poem, building tension but controversially Duffy opens in this way

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Americanization

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Americanization In linguistics, Americanization is the influence of the distinctive lexical and grammatical forms of American English on other varieties of the English language. Also called linguistic Americanization. As Leech and Smith* observe below, If the term Americanization is taken to imply direct influence of AmE on BrE, it should be treated with caution (2009).See Examples and Observations below. Examples and Observations Globalization in the current era is associated, for better or for worse, with Americanization. This is particularly true of its cultural dimension. For it is the United States, as the worlds hyper-power, that has the economic, military, and political power to projects its culture and values globally. Yet, as many commentators have noted, Americans appear parochial and unworldly, hardly the cosmopolitan sophisticates needed to proffer a truly global vision.The ambiguity of the United States representing globality is perhaps no more apparent than in the projection of its language globally. On the one hand, Americans are particularly notorious for their linguistic insularity, rarely exhibiting the foreign language proficiency so common elsewhere in the world. Yet, as well known, the American language, English, is a global import, inherited from an earlier global power, England. Hence American ownership of global English is more tenuous than its ownership of other global cultural icons, such as McDonalds or Disney.(Selma K. Sonntag, The Local Politics of Global English: Case Studies in Linguistic Globalization. Lexington Books, 2003) Grammatical and Lexical ChangesThe evidence provided by the Brown family of corporaespecially the comparison between the British corpora (1961, 1991) and the American corpora (1961, 1992)often shows AmE to be in the lead or to show a more extreme tendency, and BrE to be following in its wake. Thus, must, in our data, has declined more in AmE than in BrE, and has become much rarer than have to and (have) got to in AmE conversational speech. Users of British English are familiar with lexical changes due to American influence, such as increasing use of movie(s) and guy(s), but grammatical changes from the same source are less noticeable. . . . [A] finding that AmE is ahead of BrE in a given frequency change does not necessarily imply direct transatlantic influenceit could simply be an ongoing change in both varieties where AmE is more advanced. If the term Americanization is taken to imply direct influence of AmE on BrE, it should be treated with caution.(*Geoffrey Leech and Nicholas Sm ith, Change and Constancy in Linguistic Change: How Grammatical Usage in Written English Evolved in the Period 1931-1991. Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, ed. by Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Rodopi, 2009) Be going to[B]e going to was more than twice as frequent in the American corpus as in the Australian or British corpora, suggesting that Americanization may be a factor in its growing popularity. That colloquialization may be another relevant factor is suggested by the finding that be going to is greatly preferred in speech over writing (by a ratio of 9.9:1), further confirmation for the applicability of this suggestion to AmE and BrE being provided by Leechs (2003) finding that between 1961 and 1991/2 be going to enjoyed a strong increase in popularity in American writing (51.6%) and in British writing (18.5%).(Peter Collins, The English Modals and Semi-Modals: Regional and Stylistic Variation. The Dynamics of Linguistic Variation: Corpus Evidence on English Past and Present, ed. by Terttu Nevalainen. John Benjamins, 2008)The Americanization of EuropeBecause of the advent of linguistic Americanization, . . . one can no longer claim that Europes lingua franca is unequivocally a Briti sh commodity. English is emerging in Europe, not only as a universal language, but also as a potential norm-generating variety. . . .Basically, what we have is a traditional basis for ELT [English Language Teaching], one centered in BrE, on the teacher as model, on British and American social studies, and on the goal of mimicking the idealized native speaker, evolving into a platform for ELT which constitutes a radical departure from such beliefs and practices. Instead, linguistic Americanization, the mixing of BrE and AmE which suggests a kind of mid-Atlantic accent and a rich blend of lexical usage, the idea of a variety of Euro-English, the use of postcolonial texts in cultural studies modules, and the desire to develop cross-cultural communicative skills, is on the upswing, while BrE, prescriptivism, and traditionalist positioning are declining.(Marko Modiano, EIL, Native-Speakerism and the Failure of European ELT. English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogic al Issues, ed. by Farzad Sharifian. Multilingual Matters, 2009) Yiddish and American English: A Two-Way ProcessThroughout Yekl [1896] and his early stories, [Abraham] Cahan translates the Yiddish of characters into correct (albeit ornate) English while leaving incorporated English words in their misspelled, italicized forms: feller (fellow), for example, or preticly (perhaps particular). Speech thus represents the cultural intermixture arising from contact between the immigrant and American society, an intermixture captured in remarkably hybrid sentencesDont you always say you like to dansh with me becush I am a good dansher? (Yekl, 41)and even in individual words like oyshgreen: A verb coined from the Yiddish oys, out, and the English green, and signifying to cease being green (95n).This narrative technique also represents a reversal of perspective, whereby English becomes the contaminating element within another language. The Americanization of Yiddish is given from a Yiddish perspective. English words are thrown backrulesh (rules), deshepoitn (disappoint), saresfied (satisfied)transformed and defamiliarized by their inclusion in another linguistic system. Just as Yiddish becomes Americanized in Yekl, American English becomes Yiddishized: transformative linguistic contact is shown as a two-way process.(Gavin Roger Jones, Strange Talk: The Politics of Dialect Literature in Gilded Age America. University of California Press, 1999) Alternate Spellings: Americanisation

Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin Essay

Pleaes .Requires.Overview.Paraphrase..rewrttin - Essay Example Medical imaging involving ionizing radiation uses x-rays and gamma rays. As the ionizing radiation passes through the body, it is differentially absorbed by tissues of greater thickness, causing ionization of tissue atoms making them chemically reactive and potentially capable of cell damage (Yale 2011). This raises concern over the frequent use of ionising radiation in medical imaging, and the associated risks to human health. Exposure to ionizing radiation is of concern because evidence has linked exposure to low-level ionizing radiation at doses used in medical imaging to the development of cancer. The National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council comprehensively reviewed biological and epidemiological data related to health risks from exposure to ionizing radiation, recently published as the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII Phase 2 report. The epidemiologic data described atomic bomb survivors, populations who lived near nuclear facilities duri ng accidental releases of radioactive materials such as Chernobyl, workers with occupational exposures, and populations who received exposures from diagnostic and therapeutic medical studies. Radiation doses associated with commonly used CT examinations resemble doses received by individuals in whom an increased risk of cancer was documented. For example, an increased risk of cancer has been identified among long-term survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, who received exposures of 10 to 100 milli-sieverts (mSv). A single CT scan can deliver an equivalent radiation exposure, and patients may receive multiple CT scans over time. (Smith-Bindman et al 2009) Risks involved in the use of Ionizing radiation Since the finding of the first solid tumour that resulted from the effects of ionizing radiation, protection from ionizing radiation used in medical procedures has become a vital issue, particularly in view of the dramatic increase in the number medical procedures involv ing its use (Davros et al 2007). Because of the public uproar over radiation protection, an International Commission for Radiation Protection was established in 1928. "The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) estimates that the average person has an approximately 4-5% increased relative risk of fatal cancer after a whole-body dose of 1 Sv. However, other studies on multiple cohorts of radiation workers have largely failed to establish statistically significant cancer risks. When multiple occupational cohorts were combined and evaluated in a somewhat systematic way, a combined excess relative risk of cancer death of just less than 1% was estimated" (Cardis et al 2005). During the 1950s and 1960s, there were an increasing number of indicators that ionizing radiation was dangerous to humans. Experimentation using X-rays on animals, particularly rats, have linked ionizing radiation exposure to impending death, even at low levels. It has been proved that high and mo re frequent doses of radiation pose greater risks to the patient, causing, for example, skin erythema and other kinds of irritations (Egbe et al 2009). Other side-effects of ionizing radiation include dizziness, nausea, and light headedness. Risks associated with radiation exposure in hepato-biliary scans are quite high. In a study by McCollough et al (2009) it was found that in many cases, the onset of cancer was linked to the area frequently exposed to x-rays. Other studies suggest that

Colgan Air flight crash Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Colgan Air flight crash - Essay Example Based on the investigations from the National Transport Safety Board (NTSB), the accident was as a result of the pilot not being able to respond to stall warnings in a proper manner. There is high probability that the plain crush was as a result of improper training of the captain. It is the families of the victims that brought about a significant improvement in American flights; â€Å"Due to a tireless campaign from the families of the victims on that flight, the Federal Aviation Administration, or FAA, announced [†¦] it would increase the qualification requirements and training standards for pilots...† (Johanson, 2013).As a result of the Colgan air crash investigation, the major change that was made involved issuing of a new rule that outlines enhanced pilot training measures (Schaal, 2013). According to the rule, should any pilot fail to satisfy any form of performance milestone then the commercial airline for which the pilot is working should track their remedial trai ning. According to the new FAA pilot training standards, enhanced pilot training, training on runway safety procedures and dealing with crosswinds must be put in place to prevent faults such as poor response to flight stall warnings (Schaal, 2013). Adjustments have also been made on co-pilot qualification standards. The co-pilots must complete not less 1500 hours of their training in order to qualify for the Airline Transport Pilot Certificate. It is only until then that they can be allowed to fly a commercial plain.

Pros and Cons of Social Networking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pros and Cons of Social Networking - Term Paper Example They are many who declare them to be beneficial for the society, while there are almost as many others who condemn their use, stating that the risks clearly outweigh the advantages. Thus, it is better to hear both sides of the story before drawing up our own conclusions. Individuals in favor of social networking present an argument that to those with access to computers and the internet, social networking sites are of great advantage. Online interactions encourage both long and short distance communication with friends and family, help people in gaining important skills regarding use of computers, and provide a medium that promotes creativity and innovation through instant messaging, blogs, photo sharing, event and product advertising and numerous other different services among its users. Not only that but it brings together people with a common interest, profession or even with computer skills and help them overcome their social worries, by creating suitable opportunities and provid ing exposure to fresh ideas and thoughts. (Coyle and Vaughn, 2008) It is also a great stage of communication for those who are unable to express themselves in person. The development and expansion of social networking sites has brought about great benefits for the society. For students, it is a medium to discuss educational topics of all sorts such as career and educational planning and allows them to communicate with more experienced students around the globe. It has also brought about benefits in the field of health by dealing with life altering diseases, alcoholism, drug addiction, weight loss etc. by interacting people having similar issues and providing them guidance and... The development and expansion of social networking sites has brought about great benefits for the society. For students, it is a medium to discuss educational topics of all sorts such as career and educational planning and allows them to communicate with more experienced students around the globe. It has also brought about benefits in the field of health by dealing with life altering diseases, alcoholism, drug addiction, weight loss etc. by interacting people having similar issues and providing them guidance and encouragement. Election campaigns throughout the world have received an unprecedented edge when they took the help of social networking. Some might think of it as insignificant but these sites do bring a significantly positive effect on the person standing in the election. The best example that springs to our mind are the 2008 election of Barrack Obama as the 44th president of the United States, in which he depended heavily upon social sites such as Facebook to gain popularit y among the masses, especially the younger generation. Businesses and organizations have also realized that the use of social networking to promote their objectives can help them gain a competitive edge over their rivals in the market. (Ally, 2011) Moreover, there are some who say, and I myself have to agree with them, that the internet is making an impressive contribution in helping to bring about world peace. Well, if I had a dozen Facebook or Twitter friends living in a certain country, I would think twice about invading it?

Managment ourse Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managment ourse Feedback - Essay Example The altered line of attack that the leaders ultimately outline will be determined by their profundity of making an allowance for the wake-up calls. This was the leading example of reality during the change attempt; it can suggest the dissimilarity amongst an instantaneous, external alteration all along with the one that is careful, stubborn, and philosophical for one and all apprehensive. Next, we learned that there is a dire need for leaders to be extremely rational with reference for being able to create motivation amongst the team members. We learned the various leadership styles and their consequent effects on the individual and the overall organizational development. How imperative it is to create team cohesion, and motivation, in order to be able to put together a winning team at work was also one of the most important learning. Our professor was very descriptive while teaching us these significant concepts.   Ã‚  

Comparative Analysis of Human and Chimpanzee Genome Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Human and Chimpanzee Genome - Research Paper Example In justification of these new findings, molecular studies have been conducted and results have indeed shown that the two species exhibit some differential characteristics, mainly contributed towards genetic changes mostly on the human genomes, which have significantly contributed towards the differences in the genomes of humans and the chimpanzees. For a substantive period, scientists have always stated that there are substantive similarities between humans and chimpanzees. History has it that human beings and chimpanzees have at one time shared a common ancestor over 5 million years ago, eliciting research on the determination of the contribution factors towards such a development (Cheng et.al. 88). As science has revealed, the genome, which is the genetic material in an organism is the contributing factor towards the determination of whether an organism possesses certain similarities or differences to other. The genome is encoded in the DNA of organisms or RNA as in the case of viruses, which includes all the genes and the non-coding sequences of a DNA or RNA. From a comparison analysis of human and chimpanzee genomes, it is conclusive that despite the similarities that the two have had from sharing an ancestor, studies have ideally shown that significant changes have occurred in the genome sequences of the two species. That has indeed contributed towards the differences that are currently observed in both the human and chimpanzee genomes. Additionally, the genomic changes have also contributed towards the diverse changes in the phenotypes of the two species of organisms.

Discuss the contribution of material culture Essay Example for Free

Discuss the contribution of material culture Essay The aim of this essay is to explore how useful material culture studies is to understanding societies which existed under Roman rule, especially those of Gaul and Britain. These provinces of Rome adopted Roman culture and used Roman objects for their own use, which could come under the heading of cultural bricolage, where new cultural items are obtained by attributing new functions to previously existing ones, however I shall address this later on in the essay. Woolf comments that anthropologists and archaeologists use the concept of culture as a way of making sense of the diversity of human societies that cannot be expressed simply in terms of biological variation. It is seen by many to be a more precise way of understanding societies rather than seeing how advanced or rich a society was.1 Studying and understanding social identity can also be seen as an excellent alternative to relying on narratives written by Roman authors who were biased and wrote from a Romano-centric position, and it also allows us to consider other elements, for instance class,status, gender, age, occupation, and religion. Material culture can be defined as the study through artifacts (and other pertinent historical evidence) of belief systemsthe values, ideas, attitudes, and assumptionsof a particular community or society, usually across time. As a study, it is based upon the obvious premise that the existence of a man-made object is concrete evidence of the presence of a human mind operating at the time of fabrication. The common assumption underlying material culture research is that objects made or modified by humans, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, reflect the belief patters of individuals who made, commissioned, purchased, or used them, and, by extension, the belief patterns of the larger society of which they are a part. 2 Concerning Roman culture, Woolf defines it as the range of objects, beliefs and practices that were characteristic of people who considered themselves to be, and were widely acknowledged as, Roman. It is believed that every man-made object required the operation of some thought and design. Therefore it is the assumption of material culture studies that this thought is a reflection of the culture that produced the man-made objects. With this theory we can see, in some way, how a culture, which had no written records of its existence, lived. One advantage of material culture studies is that it is beneficial to social historians who wish to know about an entire group and not just the elites of a particular society. A useful definition of the term archaeology is that it uses fieldwork and excavation, and the comparative study of sites and objects to compile information about the pastwhich can illuminate aspects of Roman life which were never recorded. However it does have its limitations as it cannot achieve certainty as all known sites and artefacts are merely a surviving sample of what once existed- and not necessarily a representative sample.4 So in understanding identity we may be able to place these artefacts in context as we will know what particular objects are used for certain practices, for instance burial customs or forms of pottery produced.5 Jones defines cultural identity as that aspect of a persons self-conceptualization which results from identification with a broader group in opposition to others on the basis of perceived cultural differentiation and/or common descent..6 Concerning material culture, Pitts chose 12 areas of study, these were: architecture, art, epigraphy (inscriptions in stone), faunal remains(animal bones), floral remains, funerary evidence, literature, monumentality, pottery, settlement (morphology and landscape archaeology) and small finds(portable material culture other than pottery).7 Epigraphic inscriptions allows us to observe how literacy spread through Gaul and Britain, along with helping us to trace an outline of the cultural geography of Roman Gaul8 Woolf also comments that inscriptions are useful as they represent a wide range of Roman cultural customs which included political, cultic, and funerary practices. He adds to this by suggesting that inscriptions should be seen as attempts made by people to assert their identities and to show their achievements in terms of status. Art and architecture are important as it gives us some insight into cultural ideologies, however this type of evidence only really survived if it was owned by the elites of the society, and the art and mosaics were only limited to this class, so it has its biases. Although it does have its uses as we can see how the adoption of villa architecture by the British and Gaulish tribes shows the acceptance and spread of Roman culture throughout the conquered countries.

Music Production

Music Production Music Production: 1.What are the issues concerning file formats, size and quality when exporting a finished track from Logic/Cubase? There are several issues to consider when exporting a finished track from a DAW, the major one being the destination of a piece of music. Be it CD, Vinyl or I Tunes they all have their own format issues. To store digital audio the audio voltage is sampled which, on playback, corresponds to a certain levels of signal in an individual channel, with the resolution (sample rate) you chose to use. This data can then be stored uncompressed or compressed to reduce the size, naturally even though a huge 94khz 32 bit file would sound amazing, it would be huge and for stuff like websites or for people to store on their I tunes the size needs to be compressed. DAWs like Logic or Cubase have options when you export as to which format you want. For mastering for vinyl there are many issues, lets start with the basics. The volume of your record is directly linked to the total time of each side. This means if you intend to have it played in clubs by DJs, the most time per side should be around 12-13 minutes for 12† records. When the side length is less than 9 minutes, the loudness will be at the maximum for 33 1/3 rpm cuts. However for every minute over 13 minutes per side, you lose about 1 db in volume on the side in most cases. This is noticeable when a vinyl is pressed with two tracks on each side therefore comprising on volume and you also get the so-called â€Å"S† distortion (sibilance). When the master has too much high frequency on vocal â€Å"S†, â€Å"T†, and â€Å"F† sounds, it will end up overloading on playback, causing noticeable distortion. This also happens when hi-hats, cymbals, and any high frequency sounds that are in your mixes are too hot. This can also mean the louder yo ur record is cut, the worse the problem will be. The same applies for bass and if you have a track with heavy sub bass that has been mastered badly the bass can eat up all the headroom in the mix and also heavy bass cuts a bigger groove into the vinyl taking up more space. So you can have all the fun you want for compact disc mixing. But for vinyl mixes, its suggested by mastering companies to not add compression or any digital processing, leave the mix for vinyl production as untouched as possible. For CD the issues are that you need stereo 16 bit 44.1 kHz files (the format for CD audio) they require about 5 MB of disk space per channel per minute. So for example, 2 minutes of CD audio requires 20 MB of disk space. 2 channels times 5 MB times 2 minutes = 20 MB. Using a greater bit rate or sample rate will increase the disk space required, and will also increase demands on the computers hard drive and processor. CD mastering engineers recommend they will need a mix that peaks at -3dB. The whole mix should not be compressed, unless by a very experienced engineer using a very good compressor. Too many mixes are submitted to that have been over-compressed using a cheap plug-in. This cannot be removed. As far as archiving and storing your completed project safely and properly, first of all back up your project on to external hard drives being sure to collect all the samples and consolidate each time you save. As far as which file format to use there is one major uncompressed audio format, PCM, which is usually stored as a â€Å".wav† on Windows or as â€Å".aiff† on Mac OS. WAV and AIFF are flexible file formats designed to store more or less any combination of sampling rates or bitrates. This makes them suitable file formats for storing and archiving an original recording. By storing your project in this format you can load it up again and export a compressed or mastered version for different destinations. References: http://www.wikirecording.org/File_formats#Audio http://www.urpressing.com/advice.php http://www.littlebazaar.co.uk/pages/digital-audio-cd-mastering.php 2.Use an imaginary budget of  £3000 for each, put together an equipment list for two possible computer based recording setups: a permanent PC based studio/home setup for an artist/producer working largely alone, and a mobile Mac based setup for recording bands. Evaluate the software and hardware options for each, and the specifications and performance of the desktop/laptop you choose. Portable I have gone for the cheapest macbook in the â€Å"pro† range as it offers better performance and room to upgrade, (the basic macbook doesnt even come with firewire!) I chose the Focusrite soundcard as I know there stable from my research and there reasonably priced. For software I chose Logic Pro as it goes hand in hand with the macbook and offers many recording features and easily handles recording multiple channels and can be used to mix a track without the need for a desk. For microphones I have chosen the best for the money and tried to cover all recording needs. I have also selected some good quality budget headphones for the engineer and the band as well as all the necessary leads I could think of and still come under  £3000. 1 x 13-inch Macbook Pro: 2.26GHz =  £918 Intel Core 2 Duo 2GB Memory 160GB hard drive SD card slot Built-in 7-hour battery NVIDIA GeForce 9400M graphics card. 1 x Focusrite Saphire Pro 24 Firewire Soundcard =  £250 FireWire Interface Excellent routing flexibility and rock-solid driver stability. Two award-winning Focusrite pre-amps JetPLLâ„ ¢ jitter elimination technology I/O options: Two additional analogue inputs, six analogue outputs, ADAT inputs (for expanding the interface with, for example, Focusrites OctoPre), stereo SPDIF I/O and 2 virtual ‘loopback inputs Front panel 5-LED metering Zero-latency 18 x 8 DSP Mixer/Router software provided with Saffire PRO 24 Software: Logic Pro =  £150 Mics: 1 x AKG D112 =  £115 (The D 112 can handle high sound pressure levels making it perfect for Kick Drum recording) 2 x Shure SM58 =  £192 (classic industry standard used for all sorts of situations) 1 x Rhode NTK =  £379 (Valve Condenser Microphone for high-end recording applications, great for vocals) 1 x AKG C414 =  £525 (quality mic especially used for accurate, beautifully-detailed pickup of any acoustic instrument) Headphones: 1 x Sennheiser HD 25 Mk2headphones (for the producer/engineer) =  £150 â€Å" probably the most popular Pro headphones on the market. The HD25 Mk2 headphones have high quality closed cups help reproduce a superb all round sound. Features detatchable lead and comfortable headband† decks.co.uk 3 x AKG K99 =  £105 (less expensive so there are plenty to go around for band members etc.) Leads: 10 x XLR to XLR Microphone Lead. XLR male connector to XLR female connector. Two core screen cable 6mm diameter. Length 6M =  £8.12 each Top of Form 5 x XLR Jack Mic lead with XLR and 6.35mm jack connections. 10.0m length =  £9.45 each Bottom of Form Total =  £2912.45p References www.dv247.com www.akg.com www.store.apple.com/uk-storehttp://tweakheadz.com/ Permanent PC Based Studio/home setup for an artist/producer working largely alone For this setup I have focused on the idea that if the artist/producer was largely working alone at home, the best solution would be the sort of deal they offer at â€Å"Sonica Labs† one of the biggest retailers of high end custom built PCs designed to the best specifications (money permitting). If I had  £3000 to spend on a setup for home that would sound superb and enable me to do professional quality mixes and tracks I would go for this which is the cheapest option of this model from the Sonica Labs website, I know a lot of big producers use these and coupled with the RME Firewire soundcard, the UAD plugins card and Pro Tools you would have more than enough to keep you going. Although the  £3000 didnt allow for any monitors which if your serious can cost another  £3000 so I didnt even go there which I appreciate might be wrong but I really feel this deal would be the one to go for in the circumstances. 1 x Sonica Labs 19† Rack Mount HUSH-QXR / XLR8 Workstation (including all the components listed below) Intel Quad Core / Core i7 920 2.66GHz 6GB DDR3 triple channel (3 x 2gig) Seagate 500GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA II 2 x Seagate 1000GB, 32MB cache, 7200 RPM, SATA II Microsoft Windows 7 Home Premium 64bit (or 32bit) Blu-ray disc burner HD DVD-ROM / DVDRW / CDRW RME Fireface 400 Firewire Soundcard Universal Audio UAD-2 Solo plug in card Protools M-POWERED 8 for M-AUDIO music systems Total =  £3004 References www.shop-sonica.com 3.Research and write an analysis of how networking practices can impact on the process of music production? The creation of networks has been a massive development in the process of music production. It has meant the use of small networks in studios or offices where computers on a network can all access a server where they can have shared hard drives. This sort of networking is extremely useful in such situations like in an audio for media editing studio where a whole group of people working with a huge library of sounds that would never fit on one computer can all access it with optical leads and run the samples from the networked hard drive. However, the topic of networks also covers the biggest network in the world, which is the Internet. Since its creation, which was originally an idea by the American military to transfer secret information and later for some universities in America to have a way to share information between separate universities, the Internet has boomed to say the least. It now means that networks our part of all of our day to day lives. The Internet is a hot topic in the music industry and the idea of everyone with an Internet connection being able to access files and share information with everyone in the world and cover more territories than an old record label or shop could ever of dreamed of has caused the sale of physical mediums like CD and Vinyl to drop, and meant a lot of independent record shops and big chains having to shut down, alongside I tunes announcing in April 2008 that; â€Å"The iTunes ® Store (www.itunes.com) surpassed Wal-Mart to become the number one music retailer in the US, based on the latest data from the NPD Group*. With over 50 million customers, iTunes has sold over four billion songs and features the worlds largest music catalog of over six million songs.† Along with this in 2010 they announced the 10 Billionth download! It is clear to see that the Internet isnt going to go away and the thing that scares the record companies when it comes to illegal downloads is that its so hard to police, it is now the case that people will use file sharing networks online to share files that can include illegal content such as musicians albums, singles and even vocal accapellas. It can even be a case of an artist completing an album that has taken years to produce only to have it leaked a month before the official release. It can mean huge problems for artists and they will employ people to search the Internet for these very leaks. I think the future for me and my independent label is bright and that has a lot to do with the internet as we hold the view that if we release our stuff digitally for free then bring out select tracks that people like to mix on vinyl we can focus on getting income from the live shows we get booked for, it is nice to have a physical CD but the idea of digital and using social networking a nd forums along with our own website to promote and get our music out there is the best way for us. References http://www.apple.com http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/resources/guides/g2/s2.htm

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays

The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two :: Educating Rita Social Class Literature Essays The Changes in Frank and Rita in Act Two How does Russell present the changes in Frank and Rita in act 2, scenes 2-6? Rita before: â€Å"Its that stupid bleed’n handle on that door, you wanna get it fixed.† Rita now: â€Å"Frank, you’re not in any fit state for a tutorial† Frank before: â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship.† Frank now: â€Å"Pissed? I was glorious! I fell off the rostrum twice.† As well as these changes, I will illustrate many other dramatic changes and role reversals that have taken place between the characters of Rita and Frank in the last few scenes of the play. Firstly with the stage direction â€Å"RITA, WHO IS SITTING COMFORTABLY IN THE ARMCHAIR.† Russell has shown us that Rita is now the educated woman she first set out to be. This is clearly portrayed with the word â€Å"ARMCHAIR† as this object symbolises cleverness itself, as well as this by Rita being â€Å"COMFORTABLE† in this environment it shows the audience that Rita has settled into her new life style. Because of this they would be impressed, as Rita has gone from a common uneducated person, to a highly educated and a very unique human being. Russell's message here to us all is that you can achieve many things if you just put your mind to it. Also with Frank who is outside his own room, Russell shows him as a very drunk, vulgar individual, â€Å"Sod them, no fuck them fuck them eh Rita.† Firstly this shows the main role reversal of Rita and Frank. Rita has become a highly educated character while Frank has become a common abusive yob. So by this the audience would be disappointed in Frank who is a professor that is thought upon as polite, well mannered and gracious, this is a classic stereotype. Russell also suggests that because of this certain craves in life can change your attitude (e.g. alcohol) and make you commit things you may regret. As well as this, with the quote â€Å"You didn’t tell me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Russell presents Frank as an obsessed lover. Which is a completely different register instead of the expected teacher pupil register. Also as well as being obsessed, it shows the audience that he wants to be with her always and seems to never want her out of his sight. The audience would feel uncomfortable as a teacher is so concerned by a pupil’s social life. So by this I imagine that Russell is suggesting that fondness for someone can come in many forms that are not thought upon at first. To add to this, Frank uses this following quote after has offered his

Theories of Personality Essays -- Psychology, Personality Test

Introversion has the greatest chance of negatively affecting SLA. Students that are afraid of embarrassing themselves by speaking incorrectly or by not being able to speak at all may try to avoid opportunities that would otherwise aid their learning (Zhang, 2008). Since 1960, personality has emerged as major field of specialization among doctoral candidates (Vance & Macphail, 1964). Many investigations have been accomplished followed by literature on a variety of theories of personality. The importance on individual differences and distinctiveness of the individual are the most frequent features of the study of personality. There is a guarantee that each person’s profile is different from that of another person and thus, each person has unique personality (Allport & Odbert, 1936). Nevertheless, the question is how do we determine personality? In general, the easiest approach to do this was through the observations of individual differences. Though, the validity and reliability of such observation can be questioned as it is not efficient and systematic adequately. On the other han...

Internal and External Sources of Finance Essay

Internal sources of finance for Tesco Tesco’s main internal source of income will be their retained earnings. Retained earnings are the amount of net income that Tesco have retained and not paid out. Retained earnings are what are paid to the business owners. Fixed assets are another form of an internal source of finance; this form of finance is a lot harder to convert into cash as fixed assets tend to be things such as vehicles, machinery, buildings and factories. Fixed assets can take a while to convert into cash so Tesco would not rely on them to be a short-term access to finance. Current assets are a key source of finance for Tesco; current assets are cash and things that are easy to convert into cash. The things that can be converted into cash easily are things such as stock; once the stock has been sold earning will be retained by Tesco. Tesco have to ensure current assets are no lower than current liabilities as this may prevent them from paying off any possible debts they may have. External sources of finance for Tesco As Tesco are a large company some forms of external finance do not apply to them, things such as loans, credit cards and bank overdrafts will be of no interest to Tesco as they are too financially significant to benefit from them. However, the sources that do apply to Tesco are investments from shareholders, Tesco have many competitors all competing for the same thing, to be the biggest supermarket within the UK. For Tesco to take that title they will need as much investors as possible. An average loan from the bank would not benefit Tesco as the loan is likely to be small; however, if Tesco needed a quick source of finance of a large quantity, things such as a government grants would be beneficial; it would be beneficial as the grant is likely to be large.

Consulting for a struggling firm Essay

Introduction All organizations in the modern society are faced with challenges in economic management. As a psychologist working for a consultation firm, I meet a CEO in dire need of help on future sustainability of works on stress management, diversity and motivation. Therefore, this paper seeks to analyze how the various challenges in the workplace can be mitigated so as to increase efficiency. Stress management Stress refers to a situation in which one feels pressure and cannot cope with it successfully, and results in varied physical, mental and emotional reactions. Stress management thus refers to techniques and therapies often with the aim of controlling a person’s levels of stress. In an organizational context the manager is charged with the responsibility for ensuring that each employee can work without pressure. Stress is common in very many workplaces, employees and the managers both experience stress. In workplaces, stress is often caused by lack of communication, career and job ambiguity, financial stress, personal stress, interruptions and strictness by the managers and poor working conditions. Stress management is important in a firm, in this case a firm that is struggling and needs to pull through. Work stress in this case is an important issue because it has financial impacts on the business, it is also important on legal obligations and organizational effectiveness. Practice of stress management in companies helps in the efficiency of the organization as the employees are able to know their roles thus doing tasks efficiently and thus making the organization effective, the employee’s working conditions are improved also,   as stress management helps to identify some of the problems that the employees suffer. Stress management boosts the morale of the workers as they are able to work with ease; it also ensures that equal opportunities in terms of promotion and training are given out fairly (Ivanko, 2013). In a situation that employees have been laid off, and some are remaining in the organization, those remaining are affected, and they develop stress. The type of situation can be achieved by applying ways of managing stress. One way would be to encourage the remaining employees to adopt a positive attitude and mindset towards their stress. Another way would be to emphasize on acceptance that some things cannot change; once something has happened we should accept and move on. Creation of time for recreation would also help to alleviate stress among employees; alterations of situations can also be an excellent remedy in doing away of stress. After layoffs the firm can rebuild by assessing and looking at the weaknesses and failures and try to address them, the organizational structure should also be changed, the employee’s working conditions and problems should also be addressed. A market research should be done to ensure that the requirements of the clients are identified, and more sensitization in terms of advertising should be done to get more clients and popularize the firm. Motivation Motivation in a firm often refers to an act of providing a reason to act in a particular manner. It can also refer to internal and external factors that stimulate and give desire to perform a task or job continually. Motivation is relevant to solving most problems in firms, it borrows a lot from   Ã‚  psychology, knowledge of work psychology is critical to the use of motivation. Motivation of workers is essential in building relationships with coworkers, improvement of production, time management among others things. The motivation of employees contributes to growth and development of the organization. In a situation whereby some workers have been laid off motivation can be used to enable the remaining workers to work harder and lift the body. Some of the ways of motivating employees include: increasing salaries of workers, creating   safe and friendly environment for the workers, recognizing and rewarding those employee’s that perform, developing good relations with workers, use of food as incentives, holidays to performing employee, introducing overtime in which the employees are paid for working for extra hours (Ivanko, 2013). This kind of measures can be taken in instances where there has been a laid off of workers as this helps the remaining workers to heal and ensure that the organization becomes more fruitful and able to cope with market dynamics. Diversity Diversity can take many forms; it includes differences in race, ethnic identity, gender, education, socio-economic levels and sexual orientation. The amount of diversity in organizations is often increasing; thus the need to manage diversity is essential. The number of aging workers is growing and there are more people from diverse backgrounds. In most organizations today, there are an increasing number of joint ventures, mergers and strategic alliances uniting people from different organizations and cultures. Handling diversity is an important obligation of leaders in contemporary times. A leader has to find the balance between promoting diversity and building a strong organizational culture. Managing diversity is important as it ensures creativity and innovation among the workers, it also helps in forming and maintaining better interpersonal relationship between workers, managing of diversity performance of the people for the value of all shareholders, it also helps in recruiting and retaining of employees (Bogda L. , 1998). Organizations have very many people of different backgrounds, in a case where the group has decided to lay off some workers; it’s of importance that the leader manages diversity for the remaining workers. Diversity can be accomplished by the following: by explaining the benefits of diversity to the organization, encouraging and other people who seek to promote tolerance of diversity, discouraging use of stereotypes to describe other members of the group, promoting respect for individual differences. Leaders can organize training programs that seek a better understanding of diversity problems and cultural differences and how to respond to them in the workstation. Conclusively, there is often a moment that an organization struggles and adverse measures are taken to laying off of employees. The body can bounce back by using motivation, stress management and managing diversity this would help in healing and development of a successful organization. References    Bogda, L. (1998). Diversity and Organizational Change. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from bogda.com: http://www.bogda.com/articles/DiversityandOrgChange.pdf Ivanko, S. (2013, September). Organizational Behaviour. Retrieved December 12, 2014, from uni-lj.si: http://www.fu.uni-lj.si/fileadmin/usr-files/Mednarodna_pisarna/ORGANIZATIONAL-BEHAVIOR-2013.pdf      

To what extent do sociologists agree that different levels of educational attainment are affected by genetics?

A sociologist would not agree that a student's genetic make up has an affect on their educational achievement. They would state that there is also no scientific evidence what so ever to explain or suggest that a person's chromosomes determine their successes within the education system. Instead, they would suggest that the patterns in differences of educational attainment are down to social factors. A sociologist would explain the differences in terms of human social life, groups and societies. Sociologists aim to investigate and understand the social world and human behaviour within it. They are particularly interested in the way society influences us and shapes our lives. In the past it was assumed that some strata of society were superior to others because they inherited intelligence or artist abilities along with their physical appearance from their parents. This belief in â€Å"genetic endowment† has been challenged over the past one hundred years and the â€Å"nature vs. nurture† debate continues. Many definitions have been given to explain the nature of intelligence. A simple one is â€Å"the ability to perceive and solve problems† – the nature of the problems will however depend on the society in which they exist. A lot of research has been aimed at establishing whether, and to what extent, intelligence is inherited. Conclusions have ranged from that of Watson (1931) who stated â€Å"There is no such thing as an inheritance of capacity, talent, temperament, mental constitution and characteristics†, and that of Floud, Halsey and Martin (1956), who argued â€Å"it is well known that intelligence is largely an acquired characteristic†, to that of Jensen (1969) and Eysenck (1973), who have maintained that genetic factors are much more important than environmental influences in producing differences in intelligence. Most research since has concluded that intelligence is in some measure inherited but that environmental factors can be conclusive in its development or otherwise. In Britain the major argument with regard to environment and heredity revolves around the impact in differences in academic achievement between the social classes. Although differences in measured intelligence have been taken into account, the impact of the environment upon a child's educational chances seems of much greater significance. For example, the environment will include the kind of stimulus a child receives in terms of speech, books, encouragement and example. It will include varies in facilities such as housing, computers, privacy and private tuition; it will include values of the home, area, and local peer group. Also, it will even include nutrition, for there is some evidence to suggest that severe malnutrition within the first few years can affect the development of the brain. Therefore, the differences between the environmental factors which affect the working class and middle class mean that they will seem to have a different level of intelligence. The term ‘social class' is one which involves describing a person's position in society. An individual's class is often determined by looking at either their occupation or their parent's occupation. Stats tend to show that the higher a student's social class background is, the greater the chance of that student gaining educational success. But why is this, Members of the lower classes place less value on the importance of education. This is due to the different way in which they have been socialised to believe in different norms and values. They place less emphasise on formal education as a means of personal achievement. Members of the lower classes also place less value on the importance of achieving occupational status; therefore during education they are less likely to strive to achieve top grades. Students from lower social classes tend to take into account a wider range of issues when deciding to enter higher education, in comparison to their counterparts from the higher social classes. They tend to place more importance on the expected beneficial outcomes of higher education than do students from higher social class groups. In comparison to the middle class, the working class tend to believe that there is less opportunity for personal achievement. This belief may be due to the lower value the working class place on the importance of education and higher educational status. Some sociologists also say that this may be due to the lack of opportunity which is enhanced more so, by the working class' own poor belief in themselves. This may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is the idea that the working class do not achieve educational success, as they do not believe that they will be able to achieve it, therefore not trying to strive for better attainment. This can also be a value that is taught to them by socialising institutions. For example, if a person's family are of working class and their immediate family did not do well in education, and believe that it is an institution that only benefit's the ruling classes then they are likely to pass on these values and therefore cause the child to feel the same. They therefore will also not succeed within the education system as they would think that whatever they do will not be good enough, meaning they will not strive for achievements. This is enhanced more so by streaming and setting. By using the streaming system a less able student may feel that there is no point in trying to succeed as there are too many other students who are more capable than themselves. This therefore causes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Also it has been argued that it is common for the lower groups of the streaming process tend to be from the working class. Whereas the students of the higher streams tended to be from the middle class. This could be due to more wealth meaning better educational assistance, e.g. tutoring, books and equipment, etc. leading to better educational attainment. However, it could also be due to labelling theory. The school culture tends to be middle class, e.g. type of speech etc. although schools vary in their educational objectives. They therefore, tend to enforce middle class values. Teachers are middle class and unavoidably make judgements about pupils. These judgements often affect the child's chances of educational achievement. The idea of the theory is that a teacher labels a student, according to their class by their, speech and family background. If a student is labelled in such ay to be in the working class, then the teacher may not have belief in them achieving educational success and therefore not offer them as much encouragement or push them to do better. This therefore causes these students to not seek for higher opportunities and not reach their full potential. Social research by Douglas also stressed the importance of parental attitudes determining educational success. Some researchers have suggested that middle class parents socialise their children into one set of norms and values and parents from the working class socialise their children into a different set. It has also been suggested that the values taught to the middle class contribute to the development of ambition, disciplined study and individual striving for success. These are values which are highly thought of by teachers within schools. Due to the middle class backgrounds of teachers, working class values are less likely to lead to such success as there is an emphasise put on present gratification. Sociologists say therefore that because a person is a part of a different social class, meaning their difference is only man made. Their chromosomes or genetics does not efficiently explain the difference in the working class' and middle class' educational achievement. Just as parents' expectations, attitudes and also teachers' expectations and attitudes, can be crucial in affecting the educational achievement of those from the differing class groups, so too, can these expectations and attitudes influence differential achievement between girls and boys and between people form different ethnic backgrounds. The expectations of girls being passive by teachers mean that they get labelled. They also tend to accept this label and think it natural for boys to ask questions and challenge teachers. Sociologists would say that because female students in the past did not perform as well as their male counterparts in the education system, but are now achieving better than boys, genetics is an inadequate explanation of the differences in educational success. Instead this would suggest that the feminist movement has led to the changing of attitudes towards women's roles in society and in turn their aspirations and expectations for career opportunities (79% of women said they wanted to develop a career). They would also suggest that the increase in female achievement is down to the introduction of the national curriculum, changing job opportunities and legal change in policies, i.e. promoting equal opportunities between the genders. Statistics show that for both female and male GCSE students the percentage achieving 5 or more GCSEs have increased, however, the statistics also show that more of the female students are still achieving better than the males. Some sociologists have studied and attempted to explain male underachievement. Harris's research about adolescent attitudes (mainly the working class) has shown that boys are thought to be suffering from increasing low self-esteem and poor motivation. The study also showed that males seem to be less willing to struggle and to overcome difficulties of understanding their studies. They are more easily distracted and find coursework harder to complete. Their female counterparts are more willing to spend a longer time on their homework and revising for their subjects. They are more focused on their futures and see qualifications as more important. As is gender and influential factor on the educational achievement of a student, their ethnicity is also. Statistics have shown that to some extent a child's attainment is related to their ethnicity. Students from some ethnic backgrounds tend to underachieve more than other, e.g. children from English, Welsh, Scottish and African-Caribbean families fared the worst (ILEA study). Whereas students from Indian, African and Pakistani backgrounds showed the best. In all ethnic groups the females out performed the males. Some sociologists say that these ethnic differences can be explained by the differing socio-economic status that is generally held from ethnic group to ethnic group. For example, underachieving Bangladeshi children tend to be form the working class. It is therefore hard to differentiate between the affect of class and ethnicity. It is hard to discuss the differences of parental expectations between the ethnic groups as it can also be interpreted as the different expectations of social classes. However, cultural differences have been used to explain the differences in educational attainment. This view suggests that the cultures of some ethnic minority groups are different from the â€Å"mainstream† culture of schools. This therefore may affect their achievement as the school is a place where the white norms and values dominate. Many members of ethnic minority groups may also speak English as a second language. This therefore puts them at a disadvantage within school. This may lead to students feeling less capable and confident when it comes to oral and written work, affecting their achievement levels and possible causing a self-fulfilling prophecy. In the same way, teachers label males and the middle class to be less capable, they also tend to label ethnic minorities. These stereotypes mean that there are again differences in the way ethnic groups are taught and treated, affecting how they perform within the education system. In conclusion, a sociologist would disagree that differences in genetics affect educational attainment of individuals. They would not argue that biological factors cause the differences in achievement, but would suggest that the patterns of underachievement etc. are due to the way society influences human behaviour. Sociologists have spent much time investigating the influence of social class, ethnicity and gender differences. It is hard to differentiate between the affect of one factor and the affect of another. Therefore, sociologists agree that educational attainment is effected in many different ways and that no one factor can out-influence another. They also agree that the â€Å"nature vs. nurture† argument is not fully resolved as society will ever be changing and scientific research and abilities will ever be improving.